Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Investigating one of the most important determinants of corporate social responsibility reporting, this study examines the relationship between industry competition, as a dimension of external corporate governance, with the dimensions of disclosure and the quality of corporate social responsibility reporting. To measure the disclosure and quality aspects, we use a binary variable and the natural logarithm of the number of words in the relevant reports, respectively. Our results show that industry competition, which is calculated based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, is determining factor of the quality of corporate social responsibility reporting and has no significant relationship with the disclosure or non-disclosure of such activities. In this study, the predictions are tested using 100 listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange spanning the period of 2017 to 2022. In addition, the logistic and FGLS estimators are employed to estimate the models related to the disclosure and quality aspects, respectively. IntroductionIn the corporate social responsibility literature at the international level, several studies have been conducted on the effect of competition in the industry on corporate social responsibility reporting. But in relation to domestic studies, although a few studies evaluate the consequent path of this relationship, i.e. the effect of social responsibility reporting on competition in the industry, no domestic study has investigated the motivation of competition in the industry to disclose social responsibility reporting and its quality. Methods & MaterialThe current research is practical in terms of purpose and its design is quasi-experimental relying on post-event or archival information. The theoretical foundation of the study was compiled through the library method and the data needed to calculate the variables of the study were extracted from various data banks. To calculate the variables that needed financial statements and market items, the archival information of the Rahvard database was used. To calculate the variables related to the disclosure and quality of corporate social responsibility reports, the reports of the board of directors of the selected units were directly gleaned and reviewed. FindingThe evaluations of the study on 100 listed companies during the years 2016 to 2021 showed that competition in the industry has no effect on the tendency of companies to disclose corporate social responsibility activities. But in the second part, it was found that the changes in the quality of corporate social responsibility reporting, which was calculated based on the volume of such reports, depend on the changes in the level of competition in the industry. Conclusion and ResultsIn this study, it was found that the willingness to disclose corporate social responsibility activities is independent of the level of competition in the industry. This finding is consistent with domestic studies (Ahmadpour & Farmanbordar, 2015; Zolfaghari & Ashori Khatibi, 2018). But in the second step of this study, we found that the more intense the competition in the industry, the more companies will be willing to disclose larger social responsibility reports. This finding is compatible with the theoretical foundations used in the literature review of the study and also in line with foreign studies.

The importance of productivity has made it to be one of the most serious discussions in industrial organizing. In economic literature, however, there are some arguments on the role of market structure in productivity changes. While some theorists point out that more competition leads to higher productivity, others believe that monopoly environment would be more efficient. This study examines the effect of competition-that is measured by the number of firms- on labor productivity in the Iranian industries. Using the panel data from the firms hiring 10 employees or more, the results suggest that monopoly and private ownership provide a more suitable environment for reaching higher productivity.

The transition from a structurally old-fashion and vertically integrated electric power industry to a new one in which production, distribution, and retail sale of electricity are treated separately, is usually accompanied by establishing an electricity market both at wholesale and retail sale levels. In pursuance of the success story in re-structuring the electric power industry worldwide, Iran also launched the electric power market in 1383 (AD 2004). One of the concerns of regulators in the electricity sector in every country is the extent and degree of competitiveness in the electric power market that safeguards the interest of electricity users. The present paper aims to evaluate the performance of the wholesale market for electricity within the framework of profit maximization modeling for power generating industries concerning deviation from perfect market conditions. The findings of this paper indicate that on average, power market performance in Iran deviates by 18 percent from the result expected in a competitive market.

The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in every economy. Although the pharmaceutical sector has distinctive financial features, principles of competition law must be applied to the production and distribution of pharmaceuticals as in all other areas of the economy.Regulations regarding unilateral anticompetitive conduct such as discriminatory pricing, aggressive price setting, abuse of a dominant position, hoarding and refusal to enter into transactions as well as collective anticompetitive practices such as collusion are important competition rules which are applicable in the pharmaceutical industry.Although competition law and regulations are indispensable to the pharmaceutical industry, professional ethics can play an effective role as a deterrent factor and prevent anticompetitive conduct. This article reviews the application of competition law in the pharmaceutical industry and identifies anticompetitive behaviors in this sector. It also focuses on the role of the competition council in monitoring the pharmaceutical industry and the impact of professional ethics in preventing violations of competition law in this sector.

Purpose: The present study aims to identify and explain the futures of Iranian provinces in the competition for the development of NBIC technological convergence (synergy between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences) with a focus on Yazd province. Method: This research, which has been conducted with a qualitative and descriptive approach, is classified as an exploratory futures-study. In this way, the relevant research records were first reviewed to compile a list of drivers in the development of convergent technologies. The list was then refined and prioritized to identify two key drivers, with the Delphi process attended by fourteen experts. By intersecting the uncertainties of these two drivers, four scenarios of the province's future in technological convergence competition emerged. Findings: The two key drivers affecting the success of the province in the competition for convergent technologies are: the rate of development of the innovation ecosystem and the amount of financial resources allocated to this process. Based on this, four scenarios of the future situation of the province in this field were identified, which have been named as "Vanguard", "Buyer", "Remnant" and "Hired". Conclusion: In order for the provinces to be able to succeed in the forthcoming competitions in the production and operation of convergent technologies, it is necessary to plan for strengthening the ecosystem infrastructure from now; at the same time, it is necessary to make efficient efforts to provide sufficient financial resources for the research and commercialization of these technologies.